Changing the name of the famous “Ivory Man” cemetery in Spain…and the reason is a woman

In revealing the tipping of the scales, archaeologists discovered that the woman buried in a luxurious Neolithic cemetery had previously been discovered in Spain, a woman who appears to be the highest in society, and not a male as was previously thought, so they subsequently changed the approved name from “Ivory Man” to “Ivory Lady.”

Ancient human remains are the only way to document the history of gender inequality in prehistoric societies, but the poor preservation of skeletons makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine biological differences between the sexes based on morphology.

In this sense, the study of genetic characteristics is becoming an increasingly adopted alternative to determining sex, but the problem is that this method is limited because ancient DNA easily degrades in the hot and dry climates that characterize the Iberian Peninsula.

At the vast prehistoric site of Valencina de la Concepcion, near Seville, southern Spain, archaeologists have unearthed massive funerary structures some 5,000 years old, a period at the end of the Neolithic known as the Copper Age.

Funeral traditions in this era were based on collective burials, but an individual burial discovered in 2008 dating back between 2900 and 2650 years before the present era seemed to contradict this trend.

A traditional anthropological physical analysis indicated that the occupant of this tomb was a male between the ages of 17 and 25, according to a study published this week in the journal Scientific Report.

Beside the buried, items of notable status were found, including a large ceramic plate containing traces of wine, a small copper awl (used to pierce the skin), wooden and ivory items, in addition to a complete tusk of an African elephant, a case never before discovered in Europe.

tooth enamel

Some time after his burial, new artifacts were placed in the tomb, among them a rock crystal dagger with an ivory handle.

The study, which cited previous research on the peoples of the region, noted that “the quantity and quality of funerary offerings show that the buried dead were the highest social status in the Iberian Peninsula during the Chalcolithic period.”

The main author of the study, Marta Thintas Pena, who specializes in gender inequality in early societies, explained to AFP that the “ivory man” was a “distinguished individual” whom the researchers wanted to “confirm his gender”.

For this purpose, her team resorted to an important ancillary component of fossilized teeth, and used a new technique to analyze the enamel of ancient teeth that contain large amounts of the protein amelogenin. This gene is present on the sex chromosomes, which made it possible to conclude that the deceased buried is not a man… but a woman.

The researcher at the University of Seville said this discovery “was a surprise”. To be absolutely sure of it, “an analysis of a second tooth was carried out, which confirmed the results.”

The study linked this discovery to a mass burial chamber that was established near the cemetery of “Our Lady of Ivory”, two or three generations later, and includes about 15 young women whose gender was identified by their bones. This mass grave contained valuable furniture similar to that placed in the woman’s tomb, such as ivory, amber, ornate clothing, and so on.

“the supreme”

The research documented other cases of women whose burials were of the same luxury in the following Bronze and Iron Ages, including the “Lady of the Vex” in Burgundy (France), but the prevailing in this era was the “burials of high-ranking men,” according to the study’s authors.

However, no burial of men of this high social level has yet been discovered in Valencina.

The study also concluded that the “Lady of Ivory” reached the top of the social hierarchy by virtue of her merit alone, as evidenced by the absence of objects in children’s burials, which indicates that the acquisition of status did not occur according to the “right of birth”, unlike what was the case in the Bronze Age societies.
Marta Senath Pena saw that this woman was next the “highest rank” in an era “when Western European society was becoming more and more hierarchical, and there was an ‘elite’ to which it seemed clear that this woman belonged.”

“In pre-state societies, leadership was usually reserved for men, but our study showed that this was not necessarily the case in prehistoric times,” she added.

However, the historian specializing in prehistory at the National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research, Anne Oguru, who was not involved in the study, cautioned against belief in the “myth of the primitive matriarchy.”

The author of Women of the Neolithic Age explained that “no matriarchal society has been discovered until today in an unquestionable way.”